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thank you for joining us here in the

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international space station flight

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control room as we've mentioned several

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times this week marked a big milestone

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for the onboard crew specifically scott

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scott kelly and mikhail kornienko who

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passed the midway point of their mission

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here to help talk about that is

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associate manager for the human research

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program dr john charles thanks so much

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for joining us delighted to be here

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thank you for the chance so let's set

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the stage again for

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why we even embarked on a one-year

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mission what were the goals of having a

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couple of crew members stay up there for

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twice the duration of the normal crew

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there were several goals one was to

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start getting into mars mindset mars

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missions will be probably two and a half

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years long we've got a lot of experience

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with six month missions on the

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international space station

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inevitably there's going to be somebody

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that says how about the gap between six

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months and two and a half years what are

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you doing about that and so a russian

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proposal was was submitted and it was

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accepted by the american side to do a

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one-year increment to start thinking

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about the aspects of a one-year mission

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or a mars mission but the the part that

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interests the human research program is

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really a chance to

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like i say see if we've done our

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homework correctly we've got lots of

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experience with six months and other

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shorter missions

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on the international space station on

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the russian space stations a whole long

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line of them on the american sky lab

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three-month missions

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and lots of experience in space flight

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in general

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we think we've learned how the human

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body responds to space flight so here's

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a chance to test it and see whether or

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we can predict

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changes that might occur in a one year

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mission and how close our predictions

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are

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there shouldn't be that big a difference

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we think that the six month flights

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pretty much show us what's going to

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happen to the human body with a long

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space flight wouldn't it be nice to know

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if we're right before we start

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committing to longer flights so there's

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a chance to acquire data on human

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adaptation to long-duration space flight

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and also to verify our countermeasures

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those things that we have those

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techniques we've developed to allow us

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to

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confidence they can go forward with with

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known medical

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changes in their bodies and see whether

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they really do work on longer missions

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so a good outcome for this mission will

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be no surprises

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so one of the major activities they've

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been doing this week is part of the

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fluids shift research they're even

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working on that uh today can you tell us

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a little bit about that i know part of

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that was to look at obviously the fluid

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shift changes and specifically changes

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to vision which has been observed in

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some crew members

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astronauts on previous space station

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missions

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not that far back in the past in the

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last seven or eight years have reported

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decreased visual acuity with time and

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flight

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we had always seen changes in visual

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acuity on shorter flights even on

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shuttle flights

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but it was always of a variable nature

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and never long lasting enough to really

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concern the flight surgeons in a

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significant way

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but about the the middle of the last

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decade or slightly there slightly

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thereafter some astronauts were

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reporting that they were

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losing a lot of their near visual field

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and unable to do things like read a

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checklist which is kind of a bummer when

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you're trying to fly a soyuz back to a

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landing

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so we became uh

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motivated to understand the problem the

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problem seems to be related to an actual

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change in the shape of the of the eye of

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the globe of the eye in space flight a

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flattening of the globe as if there is a

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force pushing against the back of the

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eye and making the eyes focal length

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shorter

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what what could be doing that well and

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that's based on direct measurements with

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ultrasound and pre and post-flight

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flight measurements with magnetic

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resonance imaging so it's it's pretty

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pretty

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real it's not it's not a it's not a

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hypothesis per se

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one of the things that happens in the

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human body is the body's body fluids

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distribute equally up and down the

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entire body which has the effect of

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being a net headword fluid shift hence

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the name fluid shifts

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if fluid shifts are implicated in the

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loss of visual acuity because of

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pressure pushing on the back of the eye

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and presumably the fluids would sort of

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accumulate in the upper part of the body

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fill up the spaces in the head and then

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look for other places to go like along

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the optic nerve tracks

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wouldn't it be a good idea to see if we

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can reverse that with a device that uses

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lower body negative pressure well it

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just so happens the russians have one of

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those lbnp devices on the station it's

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called chibis it's part of their usual

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end of mission countermeasure

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so we have asked permission and actually

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have a joint study a joint u.s russian

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study

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to do chibus measurements on uh

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kornyenko and kelly three times in

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flight the first one was in june the

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second one was this week and then once

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more before landing to see if we can

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document with a change in the fluid

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distribution the change in the shape of

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the eye and a change in other parameters

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that indicate uh the fluid shifting in

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space so it's a very complex highly

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integrated uh probably the most complex

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biomedical investigation ever done on

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the station and i like to think it's one

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of the most complex of any

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investigations done in the station

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highly integrated between the us and

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russian sides and between the

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engineering and the scientific community

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so it's a a real challenge and our teams

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have been doing an excellent job on it

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so far

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in addition to the

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the changes in the vision and the

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physiological effects on the eye are

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there other physiological types of

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changes that you're looking for with the

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crew members

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well in fact there are i just heard a

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brief mention in your early report about

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sprint that's an exercise

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study to evaluate different ways more

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efficient ways to do exercise on

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astronauts so they don't spend quite so

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many hours a day treadmilling or

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exercising

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we have uh the usual set of of

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measurements of the blood components

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trying to undertrack the the changes

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that happen in the body's metabolic

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pathways in space and it should be noted

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that the studies that we're doing on the

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one-year mission are the same as we do

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on six-month missions they're not a

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separate set of investigations for one

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year because we're looking for

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differences between six months and one

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year and you want to do the same

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measurements and then see if the data

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are the same or different

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but there are a whole set of of

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physiological studies psychological

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studies and space human factors kind of

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studies how well do the astronauts

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relate to their environment the

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spacecraft to give future spacecraft

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designers insights into how how to

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design spacecraft more suitable for

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long-duration flights in the future

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and i think there was a number of tasks

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along those lines planned for scott

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today specifically

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what about cognitive performance how how

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do you guys monitor monitor that for

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crew members we're of course very

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concerned and very interested in the

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astronauts cognition uh astronauts are

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are selected and flown because they have

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substantial brains and those brains have

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to interact with the environment so we

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are doing some very simple testing of

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of cognitive function essentially a a

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reaction time test which tells us a lot

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about

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cognitive function at the very basal

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level and some other studies which are

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largely pre and post-flight with some

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in-flight sampling in-flight of

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questionnaires and testing that look at

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changes in the actual structure of the

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brain using mri and we'll do those who

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can't do an mri in flight but we can do

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it pre-flight and post-flight and do the

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same kind of psychological tests in

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flight as we do pre and post-flight to

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see if we can correlate changes and the

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function on the test with changes in the

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structure in the brain it's an exciting

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it's exciting and it's the first time

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you know medical technology has allowed

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us to do this kind of really

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invasive non-invasive kind of work

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there was another really unique um

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opportunity with this crew in particular

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scott kelly being a twin so there's been

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a lot of talk about the twin studies in

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particular can you tell us how that's

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going the twin study is going very well

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in this case we

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actually

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had an experiment suggested by the

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astronauts that doesn't happen very

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often a biomedical experiment suggested

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by the astronauts scott and mark

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actually sort of came up with the idea

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themselves and we jumped on it as a

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chance to really take advantage of a

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once in a lifetime not just once in a

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career but a once in a lifetime

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opportunity to make coordinated

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measurements on

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identical twins one in flight and one on

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the ground scott or mark continues to

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live the free free range life in tucson

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he's not living in a space station

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mock-up he's not eating space station

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food he's not exercising on scott's

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schedule but he does visit with us

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periodically and allow us to collect

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body fluid samples and do other studies

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including the chiba study he is doing

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the the lower body negative pressure

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study himself as a comparison with his

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brother's function in flight he's also

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doing the cognition study and other

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studies like that so we've just

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collected

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saliva samples last week and next week

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we'll be doing the full panoply of of

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sample collection blood and urine and

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yes even fecal samples collected next

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week as well as a full suite of

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psychological psychological tests on

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scott and then in early october mark

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will come to houston and do the same

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studies for us again and then they will

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they will both continue except for the

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chippets part they'll both continue in

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post flight the post flight parade for

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six months and maybe even longer to

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allow us to collect data on scott as he

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re-adapts and on mark as an example of

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so one final question we've had a number

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of individuals just a few who've stayed

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up there longer but on tuesday that was

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the midway point for scott and mikhail

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and now they're embarking on a new you

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know longer mission than typical what

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are the types of psychological aspects

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that

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you anticipate they'll be facing as they

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go into the second phase

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scott and mikhail are both extremely

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well grounded no pun intended

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individuals in space i expect we're

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going to see more of the same i think

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they're highly motivated extremely

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highly motivated they're both volunteers

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for this mission they'll do the very

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best anybody can do under these

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circumstances i think they have

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considerable support from the ground

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from from their crewmates from their

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family and friends from people here in

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mission control and others and the in

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the the infrastructure supporting this

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mission

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i think

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i would bet they're not going to have

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real psychological issues but one of the

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things we're doing in this extended

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mission is to see whether we can detect

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even subtle changes that might be

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harbingers of changes on other

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astronauts on even more challenging

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missions in the future so we'll continue

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to look at them very closely but i'll be

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surprised if we see anything that that's

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really

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warrants a continued investigation

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well thank you so much there's a lot of

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exciting science going on it's i can

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hear the excitement in your voice so we

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look forward to following along and

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as you said supporting them so thank you

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again for joining us dr john charles